Ndi otu nke ndi Nne na chekwa ego, Naịjirịa. Onye Sere Ihe Onyonyo [1]: Karen Kasmauski/USAID nke di na Africa site na Ọrụ Ọchịchị nke Obodo United States, ngalaba ọha. [2]
Na Naịjirịa, ọkwa ịkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ ala mebiri emebi. A na ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado site na onyonyo nke okpukperechi na agbụrụ mba. Ndị nkwado nke nwere ọnụnọsiri ike na ihe mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị na Tiwita, kwesiri inwe ahụ siri ike iji mesoo oke mkpọtụ na ịtụ ọkpọ di na oghere igwe njikọta mba ụwa.
Ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa ndị na akwado ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha, na mgbakwunye idi ihe njirimara nke na emerụ ahụ, na ahụ kwa ihe ọgụ na mgba nke okike nwoke na nwanyị.
Kedụ ka ndị nkwado ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Naịjirịa si anagide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị n'ịntanetị dịka ichọ okwu, ịkpọasị na ndezigharị ozi ha? Kedu ka ha si aga n'ihu iji jide n'aka na mwakpo ndị a anaghị eme ka mkpebi ha mebie ma ọ bụ na-ekpuchi ozi nke otu ha?
Otu nke mgbasa ozi na intaneti abụọ na Naịjirịa nyere nghọta dị omimi banyere ahụmịhe nke ịkwado na okike: Otu #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi nke Dọkita Oby Ezekwesili na edu na otu #ArewaEsoKwam nke Fakhriyyah Hashim na edu, ha abụọ nwetara mkpọmasị nke ihe okike metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke metụtara nnọọ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ozi ha.
Otu Ndi #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi
Afọ isii gara aga, na ụbọchi iri na ise nke ọnwa anọ di na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ano, ihe dịka ụmụada ụmụ akwụkwọ nari abụọ nọ n’agbata afọ iri na ise na iri na asatọ, ka ndị otu Boko Haram, ndị otu ekpere Alakụba, tụrụ n’ụzọ siri ike site na ụlọ akwụkwụ agụmagụ nke Ọchichi dị na Chibok dịdebere Maiduguri, na mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.
Ntụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Chibok malitere mkpu mba ụwa. Onye nta akụkọ BBC kwuru na n'ọnwa anọ di na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ano, na ya bụ akara #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi kpọtụrụ ihe karịrị nde atọ na narị atọ na Tiwita, ihe ruru pacenti iri abụọ na asaa sitere na obodo Naịjirịa, pacenti iri abụọ na isii si na obodo United States na pacenti iri na otu si na obodo United Kingdom.
Dọkita Oby Ezekwesili ebe ọna aza ajụjụ na emume nke di otu ụmụ nwanyi nke UN mere maka ihe gbasara #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi nke ndi otu mgbasa ya biara. Onye Sere Ihe Onyonyo: UN Women/Ryan Brown [3], Ụbọchi iri na anọ nke ọnwa itolu di na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ano. (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 [4])
Dọkịnta Obiageli (Oby) Ezekwesili, onye bụbụ onye osote onye isi mba World Bank, ma bụrụkwa minista n'otu oge na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa bidoro na Tiwita maka ihe gbasara ụmụada Chibok ụbọchị a tọọrọ ha. A kpaliri ya ime ihe n'ihi mwakpo gara aga na ụmụ akwụkwọ na Federal Government College nke Buni Yadi na Yobe steeti, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria na ụbọchi abụọ na ise na ọnwa anọ, nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. Ụmụ nwoke iri ise na itoolu nwụrụ [5] site na mgbọ egbe, ọnya nma ma agbama ọkụ agbara ndị ọzọ.
Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị rue na ụbọchi abụọ na atọ na ọnwa anọ, mgbe ọ gara mmemme nke ndi UNESCO mere na Port Harcourt, di na mpaghara Niger Delta, ka olu akwa ya maka nzọpụta nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ndia ruru mba ụwa, nti:
Lend your Voice to the Cause of our Girls. Please All, use the hashtag #BringBackOurGirls [6] to keep the momentum UNTIL they are RESCUED.
— Oby Ezekwesili (@obyezeks) April 23, 2014 [7]
Binye olu gị n’ihe gbasara ụmụ agbọghọ anyị. Biko unu niile, jiri akara #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi [6] debe ume ahụ ruo mgbe a ga-echekwa ha.
Na ụbọchi asaa nke di na ọnwa ise na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Amerika, Michelle Obama tinyere ihe onyonyo nke onwe ya na Tiwita ebe ojidere akara ngosi #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi. O weputara ihe nkiri [8] na ụbọchị na adighi anya site na Ụlọ ọcha nke ndi Amerika nke mere ka ozi nkea zụọ na ụwa niile.
Ọ ga-ewe afọ abụọ tupu ndị agha Naịjirịa azọpụta [9] otu nwata nwanyị, na ọnwa ise na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa iri na afọ nke ahụ, ụmụ agbọghọ iri abụọ na otu ka ha zọpụtara ma jikọta [10] ha na ndị ezinaụlọ ha. Ka ọ na-erule n’ọnwa ise na afọ puku abụọ na iri na asaa, ndị otu Boko Haram wepụtara [11] ụmụ agbọghọ iri asatọ na abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ihe dịka ụmụ agbọghọ otu nari na iri na abụọ ka na-efu efu n'ime ndia ka iri na atọ ka a na-eche na ha anwụọla, dị ka nta akụkọ akọrọ [12] na afọ puku abụọ na iri na asatọ.
Ezekwesili jikọrọ aka hibe otu #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi nke chịkọbara ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịtọhapụ ụmụ agbọghọ Chibok. Otu nkea mechara bụrụ nnukwu nzukọ nke na-eguzogide ebe nkọwa siri ike [13] nke obodo Naịjirịa. Mana ihe ịga nke ọma nke otu a mere ka Ezekwesili taa arịrị.
Ntọrọ ụmụaka nwanyi ndị Chibok mere n'ọnụ ụzọ ntuli aka onyeisiala nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, na ndi ụfọdụ lere nkwenye Ezekwesili na ntanetị anya site na ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụghị nanị na a jụrụ ajụjụ banyere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Ezekwesili, abiara dọka ya. Ụfọdụ boro ya ebubo na otu #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi ya bụ naanị ihe ohiwere ka o jịrị nweta ihe ọgaranya di na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi.
Reno Omokri, onye bụbu onye enyemaka onye isiala, boro Ezekwesili ebubo na ọ na akụ ekwe [14] ndị otu mgbagha n’oge ahụ, All Progressive Congress (APC) ka “emebie” ọchịchị onye isi ala Jonathan, si otu a mezie ụzọ ka ndi APC “rịgoro na ọkwa ọchịchị.”
Ndị na-akwado onye bụbu onye isi ala Jonathan na ndị otu Peoples’ Democratic Party gbasara “usoro niile nke ụgha” na ntanetị megide Ezekwesili na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ: “Ezigbo mkparị ebubo ụgha ka akparịrị ma nyem” Ezekwesili wee kwuo na ihe nkiri onyonyo nke Tiwita [15] na ụbọchi iri na anọ na ọnwa anọ mgbe emere emume ncheta nke afọ isii atọọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ Chibok.
E boro Ezekwesili ebubo ụgha na iwe dị ya n'ihi onwetaghị ọkwa na ọchichi Jonathan. Dị ka osiri [15] kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị wakporo ya na ntanetị chere “na ihe mere anyị ji jigide ịkwado ihe gbasara nzọpụta ụmụ agbọghọ Chibok bụ na achọrọ m ịbụ onye mịnịsta.”
“Kedu otu m ga-esi chọọ ịbụ onye minista mgbe m jụrụ arịrịọ ariọrọm kam bụrụ onye mịnịsta afọ atọ tupu atọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ Chibok? Olee otú m ga-esi eme ya? ” Ezekwesili kwuru na mgbasa ozi nkiri [15] na Tiwita.
Ọ ghọrọ onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na afọ 2018, mana omesịrị pụọ [16] n'ọsọ ahụ.
Na Tiwita, Ezekwesili chetara iru uju ya [15]: “Ọ bụụrụ m ihe mwute dị ukwuu iburu n'uche na egburu ụmụaka gara ụlọ akwụkwọ wee gbuo ya n'ụzọ ọjọọ nke nne na nna ha enweghị ike ịmata ụmụ ha.”
Mana iru uju ya na oke iwe ya ka ajọ ozi ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị kpuchiri ka ọ tachiri obi iji zipu ozi nke #KpolataỤmụNwanyiAnyi.
#ArewaEsoKwam na UgwuAdighiMma
Na ụbọchi atọ na ọnwa abụọ, nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na itolu, otu nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Khadijah Adamua nwetara obi ike iji tọọ akụkọ gbasara mmekpa ahụ [17] enyi ya nwoke mere ya. Adamua, onye bi na Kano steeti n’ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa, edebuola akwụkwọ [18] na mbụ gbasara ajọ ihe mere ya.
Onye otu ibe Fakhriyyah Hashim nke ala Naịjirịa kwupụtara nkwado ya na ebe Adamua nọ site na akara #ArewaEsoKwam:
Neglecting his victims will only fuel this culture of rape and sexual harassment, and it will be a slap in the faces of victims that have bravely come out to tell of their haunting experiences. We all know the social dynamics of the North that demonises victims.
— Fakhrriyyah (@FakhuusHashim) February 10, 2019 [19]
Ọ gaghị adi mma ka ọ gaa n’ihu na-arụ ọrụ n’okpuru minista na-ahụ maka ego ugbu a ebe ebubo eboro ya chara acha. Anyi ga iguzogide omenala ọjọọ a nke mmeko idina n'ike na ihe gbasara ihe ike na mmeko nwoke na nwanyi na Naijiria.
Ileghara ndị ọ na-emetọ anya ga-eme ka omenala nke idina mmadụ n'ike na iyi egwu mmekọahụ na-akpali, ọ ga-abụ ịma ụra n'ihu ndị tara ahụhụ ji obi ike pụta ịkọ maka ahụmịhe ha na-eyi egwu. Anyị niile maara mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ndi Ugwu na akagbu ndi nke na-enye ndị emejọrọ.
#ArewaEsoKwam biara bụru mbipute nke ndi Ugwu Naịjiria na ihe gbasara ije nke #EsoKwam zuru ụwa ọnụ. (Arewa bụ okwu ndi Hausa na akpọ “North”) — nke gbanyere oke ikuku mkparịta ụka na ntanetị banyere ndina n'ike [20] na ụdị ndị ọzọ [21] nke ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị.
Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị jupụtara ebe niile na Naịjirịa. Agbanyeghị, Relief Web [22] na-ekwusi ike na site na ọnwa iri na abụọ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ ruo na ọnwa mbụ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, ọwụwa anyanwụ ugwu Naịjiria, ọkachasị na Borno Steeti, dekọtara ọtụtụ ihe ike emegidere ụmụ nwanyị. N'ebe ugwu Naịjiria ebe ndị Alakụba juputara, mkparịta ụka banyere isiokwu ndị a ka ana eche na ọ bụ mmerụ ala nke mere ka ikwu ya wee sie ike, na-eme ka ndị ọ metụtara gbachi nkịtị [23].
Ezigbo iwe were ndi na akwado #ArewaEsoKwam na ntanetị kpalitere ngagharị iwe [24] nke UgwuAdighiMma na-anọghị na ntanetị na Bauchi, Kano, Niger. Ụbọchị iri na isii ka ngagharị iwe a diri na ọnwa iri na otu na afọ gara aga n'ime steeti asatọ dị na ugwu Naịjirịa ya na Abuja. Ihe nkea ritere uru ma ndị omebe iwu na steeti “nabatara ụmụ amaala” maka ịnara “mkpanaka ahụ iji kpoo oku ka ebie iwu VAPP,” Hashim wee kwuo.
Agbanyeghị, na Sokoto steeti, “gọọmentị rụrụ ọrụ na ịkpagbu na ijide ndị na-eme mkpọsa UgwuAdighiMma,” Hashim kwuru. Ndị uwe ojii jidere ma mehụọ [25] otu onye ndú ógbè ahụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Sultan nke Sokoto, onye isi ndị Alakụba machibidoro ngagharị iwe.
Dika Hashim kwuru, UgwuAdighiMma sitere na akara nke #ArewaEsoKwam, ma nwee ebumnuche abụọ na-akwado ọlụ ha; nkwado maka “idobata iwu nke ga egbochi ime ihe ike megide ndị mmadụ (VAPP),” na ikwado mkparịta ụka na “ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na omenala idina n'ike nke di na ugwu Naijiria.”
Iwu gbochiri ime ihe ike megide ndị mmadụ [26] (VAPP) nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise biara bụrụ iwu na ụbọchi iri abụọ na atọ nke ọnwa ise nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise. N'ime iwu VAPP – nkwalite [27] na ndokwa nke iwu ntaramahụhụ nke obodo Naịjirịa – ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ga erite ntaramahụhụ. Nke a gụnyere idina mmadụ n'ike, igbu ilu di na alụmalụ, ichụpụ n'ụlọ, ịkwụsi ike n'ụzọ ego ma ọ bụ mmekpa ahụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, omume nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke na-emerụ ahụ, ibi ugwu nwanyị ma ọ bụ ibi ugwu, na / ma ọ bụ ịhapụ ụmụaka.
Na Naịjirịa, idina mmadụ n'ike na erite itụ mkpọrọ ebighebi. Nwatakịrị nwere ike ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo afọ iri na anọ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị dinara mmadụ n'ike di ọtụtụ, nha ga erite itụ mkpọrọ agbakọtara afọ iri abụọ na enweghi nhọrọ ikwụ ụgwọ ego.
Agbanyeghị, nkebi nke iri anọ na asaa nke ntiwa nke VAPP kwuru na iwu a metụtara naanị [28] na Abuja, isi obodo Naịjiria. UgwuAdighiMma na otu ndị ọzọ na-agbakọ mkpọsa [29] maka ọgbakọ omebe iwu steeti iri atọ na isii ka ha wee mee omume a.
Apipia nke azụ dinyere ndi Nkwado Ọdimma.
Mgbe otu afọ gara mgbe ebidoro ngagharị iwe nke #ArewaEsoKwam, Hashim gwara Global Voices na agbanyeghị na ndụmọdụ ha gosipụtara “ire ure n'etiti ọha mmadụ,” ọ kpatara ha ezigbo nsogbu.
Hashim nwetara nnukwu mmekpa ahụ na ntanetị mgbe ndị otu ya zutere “onye na edina ụmụaka na ike’ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ etiti nke ngalaba ego, mgbe ha na akwado ihe akụkọ ha na ntanetị. Ọ gwara ndi Global Voices:
We launched a campaign against him [the serial abuser], demanding that he be sacked by the minister; some people did not like that so they orchestrated an online targeted harassment campaign to delegitimise ArewaMeToo.
Anyị bidoro ime mkpọsa megide ya [onye na-eme mkpesa], na-arịọ ka achụpụ ya na ọlụ; ụfọdụ ndị na enweghị mmasị na nke a wee hazie mkpọsa mkpagbu a na ntaneti iji megide #ArewaEsoKwam.
Otu Hashim siri kwuo, ndị na-akparị mmadụ nwara imegide #ArewaEsoKwam site na “ijikọ #ArewaEsoKwam na LGBTQ [ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị bisexual transgender na ndị queer] na ‘atụmatụ ha rụrụ ọrụ ka iyi egwu n'ịntanetị wee nwee ume.”
Na Naịjirịa, alụm di na nwunye nke otu okike bụ ihe megidere [30] iwu na okpuru iwu Sharia na koodu iwu, ịkwa iko na ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na-ata ntaramahụhụ [31] na ụfọdụ steeti.
Site na ijikọ mmegharị nke Haashim na ikike LGBTQ, ndị na-eme ntanetị na-agbanwe ozi ha biara kagbue ihe gbasara #ArewaEsoKwam na UgwuAdighiMma.
Agbanyeghị, Global Voice enweghị ike inyochapụta ozi na edemede nke jikọrọ ọrụ Hashim na ikike LGBTQ.
N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Hashim na-ezipụ ozi olileanya na Tiwita:
To every young girl out there that’s hurting, that’s yearning to find a voice, it was all for you. For those innocent young girls and boys that were touched and silenced, this voice is yours and no one can take that away from you. #ArewaMeToo [32]
— Fakhrriyyah (@FakhuusHashim) February 23, 2020 [33]
O ruola otu afọ kemgbe ọkụ nke #ArewaEsoKwam [32]. N'agbanyeghi imeghachi azu, egwu na okwu nke na agbawa obi nke anyi ritere. Anam ekwe unu nkwa na unu gere ntị, Naịjirịa dum gere ntị. Ndị akara nkea kwuru ụka kulitere na ụra. Ọ bụghi ihe niile ka enwere ike igụpụta mana ihe nkea debere akara ya na ebighebi.
Onwe nwa agbọghọ ọ bụla nọ n’ebe ahụ nke na eri ihe ụfụ, nke na-achọsi ike ịchọta olu ya, ọ bụ maka gị. Maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ okoro ahụ na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ, ndị emetụrụ aka ma mechie ọnụ, olu a bụ nke gị ma ọ nweghị onye nwere ike ịnapụ gị ya. #ArewaEsoKwam [32]
Fakhriyyah Hashim, onye osote ọchichi nke ndi otu #ArewaEsoKwam ya na #UgwuAdighiMma (Nwa Ada Fakhriyyah nyere ikike ka ewere onyonyo ya tinye ebea).
Ọsi na ahụmịhe ndi nkea nyere ya aka ka otolite “ọkpụrụkpụ anụahụ”:
In my experience of being loud on political Twitter for good governance, I’ve grown a really thick skin, but even that didn't prepare me for the amount of backlash we got through ArewaMeToo and NorthNormal. Though I mustered all of that and did not retreat to any cave, I did begin feeling demoralised about Northern Nigeria’s governanace and response to sexual violence…After every episode of attacks, we did gather more strength and energy to push back because the backlash made us see how society enforced the culture of silence and if we allowed our lips to be sealed then that would be the real tragedy.
Na ahụmịhe m nke ịbụ onye na-ada ụda na agbata nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di na Tiwita maka ezi ọchịchị, etolitela m ọkpụrụkpụ anụahụ, mana ọbụlagodi nke ahụ akwadoghị m maka ọnụọgụgụ apipia nke azụ anyị nwetara na ihe gbasara #ArewaEsoKwam ya na UgwuAdighiMma. Ọ bụ ezie na agbakọtara m ihe niile ma alaghachighị n'ọgba ọ bụla, amalitere m inwe nkụda mmụọ banyere ọchịchị gọọmentị nke Ugwu Naịjirịa na nzaghachi maka ime ihe ike mmekọahụ… Mgbe ọgụ ọ bụla anyi nwetara gasịrị, anyị na achịkọ ike na ume ịlaghachi azụ n'ihi na apipia nke azụ anyi nwetara mere ka anyị hụ otu ọha mmadụ si akwado omenala nke ịgbachi nkịtị ma ọ bụrụ na anyị kwe ka egbugbere ọnụ anyị mechie, mgbe ahụ nke ahụ ga-abụ ezigbo ọdachi.
N'ụzọ dị nwute, Hashim na Ezekwesili ka na ata ikikere eze maka “enweghị ọmịiko” nke na emetụta ihe gbasara mkparịta ụka gbasara ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị, na ntaneti ma na ihe.
Hashim kwuru na “ụma ọjọọ diri otu nke n'achọ ihụ maka ndị ihe ike n'ụzọ mmekọahụ metụtara” siri ike nghọta.